These 23 Rare Photos Show South Carolina’s Cotton Milling History Like Never Before
South Carolina cotton mills sprang up in the mid-to-late 1800s and were a leading industry in South Carolina well into the depression era when the price of cotton plummeted and many mills went under. The lives of the mill workers and the history of South Carolina textile mills during this era remain a point of curiosity, almost as much as the lives of our ancestors who lived through the Great Depression.
These 23 rare photos document mill workers, particularly the children, and give an unprecedented insight into the lifestyle as well as the livelihoods and the family life of cotton mill workers in South Carolina.
There's a lot to see in the eyes of this young man. The location of this photo was not documented, but it was likely taken at the Springstein Mill Village, also in Chester. When the photographer inquired about this boy's age, the boy hesitated and answered, "fourteen." At the time of this photo he'd been working in the mill for five years; his first six months he worked nights. In the early industrial revolution there were no child labor laws, in fact there were no labor laws at all which resulted in harrowing working conditions for people of all ages.
Young boys were often assigned the job of "doffer" at the mill. A "doffer" is someone who removes bobbins, spindles and pirns holding spun fiber (thread-like) from the spinning frame and then replaces them with empty ones. This was an extremely dangerous job as the machines were moving while this occurred. The position was often given to children because they had small, nimble fingers that could slip in and make the exchange.
This young boy worked in the spinning room at Beaumont Mill in Spartanburg. He's walking about town with no shoes and seems to have an injury on his left ankle. Low factory wages were clearly not doing enough to keep this young boy and his family going.
A man by the name of Lewis Wickes Hine was a social photographer and was employed to document illegal child labor practices in the mills in the Carolinas. By this time, it was illegal to employ anyone under the age of 12 in a spinning room. This young boy is covered in lint. Carding machines took raw cotton and smashed it into flat sheets (cards). Workers in this stage of the process often inhaled a lot of lint and were often diagnosed with a condition known as "brown lung." Young workers were getting life threatening illnesses well before their time.
The mill he refered to was in South Caroliina. Due to child labor laws it's unlikely the youngest child (far right) was legally employed at the mill, but that unfortunately never stopped mill owners from skirting the rules.
Mill "villages" were often constructed at the site of the mills throughout South Carolina. After reaching a certain age, children would attend school and then be sent to the mill to work after. Many simply dropped out of school when they reached the age of 12. Families needed money and it was more practical for children to work than to earn an education.
In a reader comment on this photo on Flickr, someone identifies the girl in this photo as their Grandmother, Sara "Sadie" Agnes Lenore Barton (Howard). That's amazing! Personal connections like that really bring history to life.
Note the absence of shoes on two of the young girls and the injury the one girl has sustained to her toe. In spite of the situation the girls seem to be almost giggling. Many young unmarried women were recruited to work in factories and though the conditions may have been deplorable, living with other women their age allowed these workers to create a community.
This group of young men looks less than enthusiastic to be in the spotlight. Since the photographer was working in an investigative capacity documenting possible child labor law violations, it's possible there had been hushed warnings about speaking with him. Working conditions were bad, but most couldn't afford to lose the income.
This rare photo was taken in a Newberry, South Carolina mill. The name of the mill is omitted from the record. The photo was taken in December, 1908.
Even though this photo was taken in December of 1908, note the young boy second from right has no shoes on. As you may have noticed, a lack of shoes is an ongoing theme in these images.
Many of the young children who worked at the mill are photographed without shoes. It's possible this child is working with bare feet.
The young boy worked at Lancaster Cotton Mill in Lancaster, South Carolina. The photo appears to have been taken in the mill "village." These villages made it difficult for workers to have any separation between work and life.
The photographer notes he doubts this young man is twelve. At the time of the photo he worked in the mill in Belton, South Carolina. Many child workers were instructed to say they were older to gain "legal" employment.
The photographer noted young Will had been working in this mill for five years. It was common for children to work at the mill to help the family make ends meet.
The boy's name is Eddie Norton. The photo was taken at Saxon Mill near Spartanburg, South Carolina. It never gets easier to see children marching off to do dangerous, adult jobs.
The young girl's first name was Mamie and the photo was taken in December 1908. Working many hours at the mill, who knows if Marnie had time for fun or what she would have done in any spare moments.
The giant spools seen atop the rows of machinery combined the threads from the smaller spools below. As the industrial revolution marched on, new and improved spinning machines were created, all with the goal of doing more with fewer workers. Unfortunately that didn't make the work any less dangerous.
A shift of workers is heading home after a hard day's work. Workers often went to work very early and worked ten or twelve hour shifts. The photo was taken in May 1912. Workers might also work six days a week, or every day, before labor laws mandated time off.
You have to love the matching outfits including the bonnets! One source claims that between 1880 and 1910 about one-fourth of all mill workers in South Carolina was under the age of 16. Even then, the search for cost cutting in any way possible was paramount. Before labor laws that was often done by paying children a small wage.
Spinning machines took a cotton thread, or yarn, and compacted it even more, making it stronger. It was dangerous work. Many mill workers would end up with life changing injuries sustained when clothing or fingers became ensnarled in the heavy equipment. Some would even lose limbs working the heavy and dangerous machinery. Safety codes weren't hear protecting workers from hazards like that.
During this era, it was common for the mill to control most aspects of life for the mill workers. They'd live in mill housing, go to a mill school, and shop at a mill store. It was common for children to come and go as they pleased in the factory, eventually lending a hand to an older family member and then getting hired when they were of legal age. Work-life balance was nonexistent. Your work was your life.
Lewis worked at Springstein Mill in Chester, South Carolina. He was twelve at the time of this photo and had worked in the mill for a year. His starting wage was 40-cents/hour. A year later he'd advanced to the position of "weaver" where he oversaw four looms and was raised to 60-cents/hour. This was a major contribution to the family finances. It's no wonder he seems so proud.
This rare glimpse into the life of cotton mill workers in the first two decades of the 1900s provides some insight into the lifestyle and hardships endured in this era. South Carolina was built on the backs of these laborers, who literally put the clothing on the backs of their fellow South Carolinians and others around the country.
For another look into South Carolina’s past, take a look at these 21 Rare Photos Taken In South Carolina During The Great Depression.
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Address: South Carolina, USA
The History Of South Carolina Textile Mills
December 14, 2022
Where can I learn more about factory history in South Carolina?
- South Carolina State Museum
- Greenville Textile Heritage Park
- The Charleston Museum
